Originally published in 1987, at a time of high unemployment, this book provides a critical analysis of the role played by education in solving unemployment. It examines the practical, social and psychological effects of unemployment on adults and argues that formal institutional responses are inadequate within any long term perspective, and that it is rather community, informal and often unofficial initiatives that will provide learning experiences for unemployed people.

Originally published in 1987, at a time of high unemployment, this book provides a critical analysis of the role played by education in solving unemployment. It examines the practical, social and psychological effects of unemployment on adults and argues that formal institutional responses are inadequate within any long term perspective, and that it is rather community, informal and often unofficial initiatives that will provide learning experiences for unemployed people.

This delightful introduction to drawing trees completely demystifies the drawing process. It shows how images can be built up easily, from initial geometric shapes right through to the finished trees. Denis Naylor includes a good selection of popular species such as Weeping Cherry in Blossom, Oak, Eucalyptus, Aspen in Autumn and many, many more. He also shows you how to draw tree details such as roots, cones and trunks. He uses a helpful two-colour method that clearly shows every line and curve of the step-by-step pictures. Even absolute beginners will find themselves creating great drawings when they use this book and there is much to inspire more experienced artists too. An invaluable guide for anyone interested in this subject.

In October 2015, metal detectorist James Mather discovered an important Viking hoard near Watlington in South Oxfordshire. The hoard dates from the end of the 870s, a key moment in the struggle between Anglo-Saxons and Vikings for control of southern England. The Watlington hoard is a significant new source of information on that struggle, throwing new light not only on the conflict between Anglo-Saxon and Viking, but also on the changing relationship between the two great Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex. This was to lead to the formation of a single united kingdom of England only a few years later. The hoard contains a mixture of Anglo-Saxon coins and Viking silver, and is in many ways a typical Viking hoard. However, its significance comes from the fact that it contains so many examples of previously rare coins belonging to Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871-99) and his less well-known contemporary Ceolwulf II of Mercia (874-c.879). These coins provide a clearer understanding of the relationship between Alfred and Ceolwulf, and perhaps also of how the once great kingdom of Mercia came to be absorbed into the emerging kingdom of England by Alfred and his successors. A major fundraising campaign is being planned by the Ashmolean to secure this collection for the museum.

Combining the talents of two renowned artists, Margaret Eggleton and Denis John-Naylor, this is a detailed, comprehensive guide to drawing trees and flowers. Artists of all skill levels will find much to inspire them, as well as expert instruction on a huge range of topics. You will be guided through a variety of drawing tools and paper surfaces, and the easy-to-follow basic drawing stages will give you the confidence to tackle more advanced techniques. Individual trees and flowers are explored, as well as trees and flowers in a landscape setting, and there are studies on mixed flower collections, dried flowers and flowers in containers. There are detailed studies of leaves, branches and petals, and 19 wonderful step-by-step projects, each culminating in a beautiful drawing you'll be proud of. Suitable for beginners wanting to build up their confidence as well as more seasoned artists seeking inspiration, this book is a must-have for anyone who wants to draw trees and flowers in a variety of media. This is a compilation of material previously published in the highly successful Drawing Masterclass series: Flowers and Trees.

Why is the sky blue and why are sunsets red? When can I see a rainbow? Why is the moon sometimes visible in daylight? In Out of the Blue skywatcher John Naylor offers practical advice about where and when you can expect to see natural phenomena, what you will see and how to improve your chances of seeing it. Naylor takes in both the night and the day sky, and deals only with what can be seen with the naked eye. Drawing on science, history, literature and mythology, and assuming only basic scientific knowledge, Out of the Blue is for everyone who enjoys being outdoors and who feel curious or puzzled about things optical and astronomical. John Naylor was born in England, but spent his childhood in Peru. A graduate of London University with a degree in philosophy, he teaches physics at a secondary school in London.

The Watlington Hoard was discovered in southern Oxfordshire in 2015 by a metal-detectorist, and acquired by the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford in 2017. A nationally-important find of coinage and metalwork, and the first major Viking-Age hoard from the county, it dates from the late 870s, a fundamental and tumultuous period in Britain's history. The contents of the hoard include a highly significant collection of over 200 silver pennies, mostly of Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, and Ceolwulf II, king of Mercia, transforming our understanding of the coinage in this period, and 23 silver and gold pieces of contemporary metalwork much of which was derived from Scandinavia. Presenting the complete publication of the objects and coins in the Watlington Hoard - including an important re-assessment of the coinage of the late 870s - the authors discuss its wider implications for our understanding of hoarding in late 9th-century southern Britain, interactions between the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia, and the movements of the Viking Great Army after the Battle of Edington in 878. The book also relates another side to the hoard's story, beginning with its discovery and excavation, charting its path through the conservation work and acquisition by the Ashmolean Museum to the public outreach projects which ran alongside the scholarly research into the hoard.

In 2007 the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) marked its tenth anniversary by holding a conference at which speakers, both from within the Scheme and outside gave a series of papers that demonstrated the research potential of recording finds of archaeological objects made by members of the public. This volume contains papers given at that conference together with a number of other contributions. PAS started as six pilot schemes in 1997 and became a national network across England and Wales in 2003. The core aim of PAS has always been to minimise the loss to our heritage caused by the failure to record systematically objects found by the public metal-detector users, amateur field-walkers and chance finders. The reason for recording these objects is to create a resource that can be used at many different levels as a resource for school projects purposes, for studying the history of ones local area, or for academic research. Contents: Foreword (Roger Bland); 1) The Portable Antiquities Schemes Database: its development for research since 1998 (Daniel E. J. Pett); 2) The Portable Antiquities Scheme: the contribution of lithics and lithic scatters (Clive Jonathon Bond); 3) Metal Detecting Rallies and Landscape Archaeology: recreating lost landscapes on the Berkshire downs (Kate Sumnall and Paula Levick); 4) An Assessment of the Archaeological Research Dividends of the Portable Antiquities Scheme: a case study of Bronze Age metalwork from East Anglia (Nisha Doshi); 5) Celtic Art, GIS Analysis and the Portable Antiquities Scheme (Duncan Garrow); 6) New Evidence for Iron Age Sword Strap Fasteners Identified by PAS (Liz Andrews-Wilson); 7) Iron Age Warwickshire: has the Portable Antiquities Scheme made a difference? (Angie Bolton); 8) Changing Objects in Changing Worlds: dragonesque brooches and beaded torcs (Fraser Hunter); 9) The Cult of Totatis: evidence for tribal identity in mid Roman Britain (Adam Daubney); 10) The Portable Antiquities Scheme and Roman Rural Settlement: some preliminary work on Wiltshire (Tom Brindle); 11) Portable Antiquities in the Roman Frontier Rob Collins (Expanding the Frontiers: how the Portable Antiquities Scheme database increases knowledge of Roman coin use in England (Sam Moorhead); 12) Early Anglo-Saxon Brooches in Southern England: the contribution of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (Laura McLean); 13) Beyond the Tribal Hidage: using portable antiquities to explore early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in southern England (Sue Harrington and Martin Welch); 14) The Changing Face of Saucer-brooch Distribution, 1912 - 1977 - 1997 2007 (Tania Dickinson); 15) A Productive Site at Bidford-on-Avon, Warwickshire: salt, communication and trade in Anglo-Saxon England (John Naylor and Julian D. Richards); 16) Medieval Copper-alloy Mace-heads from England, Scotland and Wales (Adam Daubney); 17) Widespread Devotion: new insights from the Portable Antiquities Scheme into medieval pilgrim trinkets (Geoff Egan); 18) Personal and Impersonal Impressions: identity revealed through seals (John Cherry); 19) Searching with a Fine-toothed Comb: combs for humans and horses on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database (Steven P. Ashby and Angie Bolton).

This study of the role of trade in the economy of Saxon England moves the emphasis towards regional trade, focusing on eastern England between 650 and 900 AD. Drawing on archaeological evidence, the thesis aims to uncover the organisation of trade in eastern England, to identify the role of church, royalty and rural communities in regional trade and to search for the most effective archaeological methods for assessing the nature and extent of trade. Following detailed descriptions of the archaeological data and objects which are indicative of trade, primarily in Yorkshire and Kent, which are indicative of trade John Naylor presents a synthetic and comparative discussion of the trade in staples and luxuries in these two counties. He considers trade networks, the existence and location of emporia, administration and the use of coinage.

Since 1997 the Portable Antiquities Scheme has recorded almost 1.5 million objects found in England and Wales, the vast majority discovered by members of the public rather than professional archaeologists. Among these finds are more than 10,000 early medieval coins. Each one of these coins has its own story to tell, from its minting, use and loss through to its eventual recovery and recording. In this book, Dr John Naylor, the PAS's National Finds Adviser for Early Medieval and Later Coinage, explores the Anglo-Saxon world through these coin finds, tracing the development of coinage from the end of Roman Britain to the Norman Conquest of 1066 and how they were used by early medieval people. As well as their use in trading, he shows how they can help us to understand how the Anglo-Saxons saw themselves through looking at coin design and iconography, and how they were used in diverse and interesting ways such as their inclusion in burials and hoards, and their re-use as items of jewellery.

Rainbows have been a source of fascination since time immemorial. They have been the subject of myth and superstition, an inspiration to poets, a challenge to painters, the object of intense scientific interest and a touchstone for ideas about the nature of light and colour. Above all, the rainbow has been the embodiment of wonder from the earliest times to the present day. Beginning with the circumstances in which you are likely to see a rainbow and descriptions of its salient features, this book recounts and explains the myths and superstitions about rainbows, and describes how poets, painters and, above all, leading scientists in every age have sought to discover and understand the rainbow's secrets. Readers with a love of nature and art and an interest in the history of science will enjoy this attractive and informative book.

This book explains the nature of sound both as a physical phenomenon and as a sensation, how it travels through air and water, and how the hearing system evolved to convert these vibrations into sensations. Drawing on physics, biology, neuroscience, philosophy, literature, history, anecdote, and personal experience, "Now Hear This" is a wide-ranging exploration of the nature of sound and hearing that opens up a fascinating world of sounds from the mundane to the unusual and seeks above all to persuade the reader of the wisdom of John Cage's advice that "Wherever we are what we hear is mostly noise. When we ignore it, it disturbs us. When we listen to it, we find it fascinating."